Children's Exhibition: Day 16

The idea for the exhibition had emerged over the weeks through interactions with the children, parents, and teachers at school. One of the important aims was for children who are generally considered "weak" or "struggling" in relation to the school's academic standards (as measured by examination performance) to occupy a central space and express themselves. In addition, to show the importance of "play" as an important element in learning and not just a pastime or hobby. Lastly, to build trust in the community for our work and gain legitimacy so that we can get more children to participate next year in a similar literacy-based summer camp and continue this work next year too. 

        In preparation for the exhibition, throughout the last week of the camp, I continued to, with the help of some children, organise children's artifacts, descriptions on the chart paper into sections and help them understand the importance of each activity and practice the narration. For the language-based activities, I got each child to practice narration for two or three activities and explain it to the attendees. Some children, like Salim, Shweta, and Mohammed, felt confident to narrate and speak in public. While Khwaja continued to be worried and felt scared. However, I continued to get him to practice and motivate him. 

        With the support of the school staff, we reorganised the benches in three classrooms for the exhibition and created three corners. This included a book exhibition - books we got from Eklavya Bhopal; Children's Art - language-based activities; and a classroom for Math Activities. See images below

Book Exhibition: Eklavya, Bhopal

Nihala, A PhD student at SR University, Warangal and Sahil managed the sale of books

Eklavya, Bhopal, sent us 45 book titles in English and Hindi, ranging from science, social sciences, stories, and math, among others. 

We were very grateful to receive books from Eklavya, Bhopal, on a variety of topics. We wanted to make different kinds of books available for children who generally do not have access to them. The school also does not have a library. Although the principal had earlier promised to buy several books to start a school library, they were unable to do so this time. One of the main issues for this was additional pressure to retain students and increase enrollment. This concern continued to occupy the school staff. 

    The books that were sold the most included science titles and activity-based books. A few Hindi books were also sold. While we only managed to sell a small amount of books, we were happy to bring alternative books to children. A few teachers from the school also bought a few titles. Each child who participated in the summer camp was also given one book of their choice from the exhibition.

      

Children's Art: Language-based corner

This corner of the exhibition showcased children's engagement over the three weeks in language and narration-based activities. Given the focus on reading and writing that is mainly geared towards examination, one of the biggest challenges working with children was to help them develop self-expression. This involved two hurdles. One, that children often did not like to speak because, as observed during the doctoral study, carried out in the same school, only teachers spoke in the school while children listened. Children only spoke when they were asked to and only to respond to the teacher, with the expectation of monosyllable responses. In addition, teachers expected a response in the particular language of the school. For many children, especially from minority groups, this created a mismatch between the language of the school (English) and home (Dakhini). To break away from this pattern, we engaged in activities where children reflected on objects, themes around them and wrote about them, often in languages of their choice. If children wanted to write in English, they took support from their peers to do so. 

    In the exhibition, we organised each of such activity in into a section. Each child then narrated their engagement to adults who visited their corner in the exhibition. While children had engaged in these activities in various languages, they were easily able to switch between English and Dakhini and some others in Telugu. The most reassuring part of the whole exhibit was the principal of the school who recognised Salim's presentation skills and even mentioned that, "he used to be so quiet and look at him now". See images from the exhibition below.

Salim: Narrating children's writing of their surroundings and favourite objects

Teachers engaging in drawing and painting

A painting corner was also created for teachers to draw their favourite object. The idea was to get them to engage in a self-expression activity and feel the joy of it. However, many teachers, as can be seen in the above photo, searched for images online and copied them. Since they had already begun drawing and painting, I did not interrupt them. However, I could see a similar need to be perfect and draw the most beautiful thing rather than engage in self-expression. I saw a similar pattern among children when I asked them to draw something that gives them joy, and all they wanted were rules and scales to have the perfect lines and perfect boxes. 

Local Corporator who visited the exhibition and engaged in painting

Even in the case of the local guest, invited by the school, when we asked him to draw anything that he liked, he googled an image of a car and drew from it. Children surrounded him and were curious to see what he made.

Narration of activities children do outside the school

Shweta: Narrating the interviews that children conducted in school and wrote about them

Brainstorming activities on words, like anger and happiness

Khwaja, who was extremely scared, explained the brainstorming word, "courage", to teachers in the school. Figuratively, the explanation of "courage", also meant him, his own courage in the face of fear.

We also had two performances by children. First of which was a play by three children on the harms of deforestation. Children had created this story themselves, including direction and performance. Children performed this story in Dakhini and Hindi. The second was a shadow puppet story narration by Shweta. She had taken the story from the Storyweaver website and had created shadow puppets from it. She narrated the story in English. Two other children helped her to hold the puppets, and I held the light from my phone for the shadows. While we invited all teachers to the performances, only a few attended. After each performance, I also gave the audience a context of the activity and how it was not about memorisation of the story but children's interpretation of the story and public skills. 

        One of the most striking things that stood out for me was that teachers appreciated the efforts of children; however, they continued to correct their spellings in the poster or asked them to speak only in English. One of them even reprimanded a child, "This is an English medium school! Speak in English". This made me think that next year, along with children, I should also have a teacher-based activity where I could get them to reflect on self-expression and the benefits of multilingualism in the classroom. Perhaps this will help to create a more open atmosphere for multiple languages in the school and for children to use different languages in the school premises. 

Math Activities: Jeenath's Reflections

The day started with putting up posters, labels, and directions as preparation for the exhibition, along with putting up the materials for display. We took three classrooms, one was devoted to the display and demonstration of the artifacts that the students created under Ekta’s guidance over the summer camp, the second one was for the educational book sale, and the third one was for the math activities. 

        My focus was on making the math corner ready in the third classroom. We (I and Ekta) first rearranged the desks in the classrooms to create enough space in the centre for doing the Turtle LOGO activity. Once that was done, I first started by writing “Mathematics Activity” on the blackboard to set the stage. 

By this time, students had also arrived. I made thin rectangular folds on the chart paper to cut long strips to paste on the floor to make the axes for the Turtle LOGO activity. Two students (Mohammed and another boy) helped me by getting small pieces of the transparent cello tape to paste the strips to make the axes on the floor of the classroom. The idea of pasting paper axes came from yesterday’s session, when we did the same activity by marking the axes with white chalk, which was getting erased easily every time students were stepping on it. And the task requires the player to move along and around the axes. 

Once that was done, after some time, I thought it wouldn’t mean anything without supporting instructions or an example task to try. Thus, I wrote the commands of forward, right turn, and left turn on the board and also wrote an example set of commands, e.g. fd 3 rt 90 fd2 rt 45 fd 1. I also asked the two boys who helped me to take charge of this activity and explain it to visitors. 

    Next, I started spreading the three tangram sets that we prepared last night by pasting the paper tangram pieces on cardboard. Meanwhile, more students, including young ones, were moving around. I asked them if they could make the motimala, and the students got interested. So I gave a pair of two different coloured beads (1 golden and 1 white) to each of a pair of boys. I clearly explained that they have to put 10 beads of each colour alternatively to make 100. As they were making the motimala, I started pasting the pictures of different tangram pieces arrangements that Ekta got printed the day before on the desks as possible tasks for visitors to try. 

Students managed to create two motimalas which I kept on two separate desks, so that two groups can explore them simultaneously. I also thought of making the labels for the Tangram and the motimala with clearly stated some tasks for visitors. For Tangram the tasks mentioned were “use all the seven pieces to make geometric shapes” and for the motimala, the task given was “show different numbers e.g. 13, 17, 25, … on the motimala”
        As the program started, initially, female teachers went to the room where Ekta was, and I saw they were drawing different pictures on a white sheet of paper very meticulously. I could see they were enjoying that exercise. Then Ekta assured me that once the teachers were done, she would send them to the class where we had put up the math activities. Meanwhile, I was explaining to whosoever was visiting the math corner the different math activities. But I noticed when I was asking them to do the math activity, they were avoiding it. After some time, all the female teachers also came to the classroom where math activities were held, and they were exploring. I noticed as I entered the class, teachers started avoiding me slightly. I tried to assign the teachers some tasks, like making squares or other geometric shapes out of the tangram pieces. Slowly, the female teachers started leaving the classroom. I thought maybe I shouldn’t have given too difficult tasks to teachers, as all the female teachers who came to the class slowly started leaving the classroom, and I couldn’t keep them engaged. So, I thought of not asking questions that seem too mathematical or difficult to attain. 

Teachers engaging in the Math activities

Visitors interacting with Jeenath

        When a parent or teacher came, I asked to make some of the tangram arrangements from the printed sheet having different designs out of the Tangram pieces, e.g. rabbit, cat, house, etc. After which, I noticed visitors started trying them. At one point, Sahil’s father and Sahil also came together, along with a few other independent visitors, and I asked two of the students to demonstrate the Turtle LOGO activity. After which, to make it more engaging. I stood at the centre (origin or intersection) of the axes and asked the
visitors to frame the command lines using the commands forward (fd), right-turn (rt), left-turn (lt), so that I move in a way that makes a square. It was interesting that few people could guess, it should be fd2 rt90 fd2 rt90 fd2 rt90 fd2, where 2 in fd2 stands for distance unit and 90 stands for degrees. Then, the next task I asked everyone to construct the triangle. I asked everyone to carefully respond. None of the visitors was responding initially. So, I asked one of the students, Mohammed, to try; he, after some thought, said rt45 fd3 rt90 fd3 rt90. However, at this moment, I asked him whether it is actually 90? I turned only 90 degrees and showed that if I turn 90 degrees degrees we won’t be able to close the shape or complete the triangle. At this point, after some thought, he said, another 45 degrees, and Sahil also called our 135 degrees turn, which is basically adding 90 and 45 degrees. Then, finally, to close the shape, initially he said fd3, but then
later corrected it to say fd6. To not interrupt the thinking process of the student earlier, I didn’t intervene when the students called the diagonal unit as 1; however, once the whole discussion got over, I introduced that in cases when the fd movement is happening along the diagonal units, we can call it du to refer to diagonal units, e.g. fd3du.

Children continued to form groups between the exhibition to chat among themselves. They had to be reminded again and again to be around the exhibits

        The motimala was also given to some visitors, and they were asked to show different numbers. Very young children were also able to show numbers on the motimala after the instruction. However, for operations, instead of making use of the motimala, they were mentally adding two numbers mentally using procedure and then trying to show the resulting number on the motimala. Thus, the idea of using groups of ten on the motimala was not used to its full potential. Considering visitors were also visiting for a very brief time, I couldn’t establish the potential of motimala to its full extent.
        Finally, we all went to the other classroom to attend the play, light and story show demonstrated by the students.

Reflections

After the exhibition ended at 12 pm, Jeenath, Nihala, and I were sitting together when we brought up Sahil's disruptive behaviour throughout the camp. In order to avoid a similar disruption, I had assigned him the book sale classroom to aid Nihala. However, she mentioned that he continued to move around and disturb her. Since Nihala has a background in Clinical Psychology, she mentioned that Sahil may have ADHD (Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder). She tried strategies like assigning him a task and asking him to stick to it. Nevertheless, Sahil continued to move from one room to the other, mocking other children, disrupting the math activity when Mohammed and Jeenath were participating. We continued to debate the interrelatedness of the clinical and the social privilege that Sahil enjoyed, which led to the disruption. Sahil was the child of a teacher at school. In addition, he continued to feel he was superior to all the children in the camp. In addition, he had a continuous need to prove his superiority. An amalgamation of this was a disruptive nature that often led to putting others down.

        In addition, when we asked children to choose a book that they would like to borrow, many children went to Sahil for advice. So, he had clearly established a sense of superiority among his peers. However, he often suggested books that interested him. Children, after a moment of reflection, came back again to change their choice. However, this time, we refused any exchange and told them that they should make their own choice and not depend on others. Since many of these children had never bought a book of their own, they relied on a familiar peer for advice. However, in this case, this only made Sahil more arrogant. 

        Children also had to be reminded to be around the exhibits that were assigned to them, rather than form groups and be away. This meant that we had to find a way to create a sense of responsibility and ownership for the exhibition among children.

          At the end of the exhibition, the school principal also shared that, had she known the extent of the activities we were planning to put up, she could have invited other teachers from other schools to be part of it. We realised that perhaps next time, we should share the details with the principal for a larger audience and participation. 

        Speaking to some of the parents, teachers and principal, there was a sense of understanding that they valued the work Jeenath and I had done in the school. This also helped to establish trust, which perhaps will help us do a longer and deeper engagement next year with more children. 

        In case of Math activities, which many teachers continued to shy away from, as they did not think it was their subject, I continue to feel we need to create multidisciplinary activities with teachers that help establish a sense of curiosity that goes beyond a subject and helps them develop a sense of learning and wonder about the world around. Jeenath was also able to create this very well with some of the activities. Perhaps we need to rebrand it and package it into a multidisciplinary engagement that involves various disciplines. At the end of which, we can have a debrief session, and we can link aspects of the activities with different subjects. But to avoid an initial mental block, we do not give it a particular subject name for a wider engagement.   

            In the end, the next few hours went into packing the remaining books, our own material, with the help of school staff, as we were travelling back the next day. We spent the afternoon talking about the next year's exhibition with the principal and administrative staff over some tasty chicken biryani. A perfectly delicious way to end our engagement at school.

(This is a joint post by Ekta Singla & Dr Jeenath Rahaman)

 Literacy-based Summer Camp: Day 15

On the second day of the Mathematics workshop with Dr Jeenath, children engaged in grouping-based activities, an embodied mathematics task that involved the use of their bodies and a graph. Children also made a pinwheel and other designs with paper. A session with teachers was also organised later in the day. 

Dr Jeenath's Reflections: Session with students

The session began with the Nim game. Since the students were fewer in number, two groups were made with 3 in each group. The rules of the game were explained to the students. This included that each group can start with either 1 or 2 numbers, and the next group can add either 1 or 2 to the number given by the previous group. The winning number given was 10; that is, the group that reaches 10 first wins the game. A table was made on the blackboard to record the score of each of the groups (teams). 

        Team-1 consisted of Shweta and two young boys, and Team-2 consisted of Salim, his brother Mohammed and one more boy. We first started with Shweta’s group (team-1), with her saying the first number as 1, and as the game progressed, Team 2 called out 7, after which no matter what team-1 said, team-2 won the game. For the next round, we started with Team 2, and then the game progressed, but this time again, Team 2 managed to reach 7 and again managed to win the game. Although members in team 2 had figured out that reaching 7 would lead to winning.

Team 1 and Team 2 engaged in Nim Game with Jeenath

Jeenath explaining the winning strategy of the Nim game to children 

I tried to make this clear to team-1 to notice the same, and in fact wrote it on the board to notice. I tried to encourage students to think of the number before this so that they could reach 7, but students were not able to predict it. One new student entered the class, and he was asked to join Team 1 as Team 1 was losing, and he was encouraged to help them win. We played one more round with the same gameplay. There was a point when team 2 said number 5, but team 1 ended up choosing 6 instead of 7, which in turn could have helped them win, and this time again, team 1 lost to team 2. To break this chain, instead of repeating the winning strategy, I changed the winning number from 10 to 15 this time. It was team 2 turn to say the first number and interestingly, we noticed that they started with 1 and team-1 added one to it to make it two, and the process of adding one continued till team 1 reached the number 6, for which team two made it 7 and the team-1 said 8, but this time team-2 said 10 instead of 9 by adding 1, and team-1 member though called 11, but Shweta asked them to pause and said 12 instead to take the winning move and this time team-2 lost. We played one more round, and the students noticed 12 is the winning move. After further encouraging them to do the reverse thinking, they finally predicted the winning moves for 15 to be 12, 9, 6, 3.

        I was personally happy that, unlike yesterday, when I did this game with teachers, where teachers couldn’t reach the winning strategy, with students, we managed to achieve the winning strategy. I also asked students to predict the winning strategy for 10, and this time, they could predict that they need to subtract 3 and the winning moves will be 7, 4, 1 for 10. We concluded the game here.
        For the next activity, I decided to address what Ekta told me the day before, where she said that, the students need activities that can help them build their visualisation with body and body movements. The best activity I could think of is drawing from the LOGO turtle activity. I first started by asking students to show me the right angle, for which students started saying “L” and showed the right angle through their hands and palms. So next, I drew two axes on the floor with chalk and discussed what would be 0, 90, 180, 270, 360 and 45 degrees. Next, I introduced the initial position as the origin (where the two axes cut each other), facing towards the top of the vertical axis. Then I introduced three commands forward as (fd), which means moving forward, and right-turn as (rt), which is turning towards the right and left-turn as (lt), which is turning towards the left. Since the floor already has square tiles. I asked students to imagine themselves as a point (bindu) and then move 1 unit of a square tile as fd 1 and moving 2 units as fd 2. Further rt 90 means turning towards the right by 90 degrees. Students immediately got the instruction, and when I first wrote 3 sets of instructions, fd 2, rt 90, fd 1, two students came and tried those commands. 

        Next, I asked students only to come and make the set of instructions on the board, and one girl came and wrote the instructions as fd 3 rt 90 lt 45. One student came and moved according to the commands on the floor where the axes were made, starting from the origin. Since for this set of commands, for the last two, the position doesn’t change, I added an additional command of fd 2 after the second command. Students could follow the instructions and could turn according to the angle. One more boy came and wrote the set of instructions, and the students tried moving according to that. Next, I asked the students that I was going to give them a slightly different task, where I asked them what set of instructions they had to follow to make a square. The chalk was fading every time students stepped on it. Thus, we decided to give them the graph sheet instead and asked them to draw similar axes on it and then predict the set of commands to make a square. 

        2 very young students couldn’t follow the task, also asked for graph paper, and we gave them graph paper and asked them to make a square and a rectangle on it. Later, they were also shown what the unit length on a graph paper is and were asked to draw 3 units and 2 units. Later, one could also show me 5 units on the graph sheet. First, Shweta and 2 very young students came with her set of commands, which was   

                         fd 2, rt 90, fd 2, rt 9, fd 2, rt 90, fd 2

Shweta creating a square on the floor

Shweta also showed it by actually walking on the floor where the axes were drawn. Later, the other boys could also write the commands for making the square. Once most could do the square, I asked them to make a triangle and find the commands for it. Again, after taking some time, Shweta showed me the commands and also through her actions, she said she did rt45 fd 3 rt90 fd 3 rt 135 fd 6. I praised her effort, but I also showed her the diagonal unit and the side unit and asked her which is bigger, for which she said the diagonal unit is bigger than the side unit. Thus, I suggested to her that for the diagonal length, maybe we can use “du” to refer to diagonal units as different from the regular units. Later, I just checked other students' work and concluded the discussion.

    Since tomorrow was an exhibition and students also seemed to need a break from the activity, we moved to some craft activities of making designs through paper cuttings. We also made a pinwheel to display for the exhibition.

 

 

Engagement with Children: Observations

As an observer, I (Ekta) observed the Nim game and the joy of children in competing with each other. I was also struck by the way they broke away from their regular classroom arrangement and often sat on benches while participating or stood up on the bench to see the blackboard when Jeenath wrote something on the blackboard. The freedom of movement meant that children's participation was not just verbal but could be seen through their bodies, gaze and movement in the classroom. 

        The number of children in the camp has been slowly decreasing over the week. I continue to feel disappointed that so many children are missing the rich Math engagement that Jeenath created. One way to alleviate this disappointment is to teach participating children to teach other children after we are gone.

    The graph-based activity involved a series of instructions that took a while. I was worried that children might get bored and not engage. However, to my surprise, they took to it instantly and began to work with their graph and the graph on the floor, with each complementing their understanding. The possibility of group work also created peer learning opportunities. In fact, seeing Shweta engage and participate enthusiastically meant that other children also came forward to each task that Jeenath provided them. As someone who really liked math but never had good math teachers, I wished to be a child again and have a teacher like Jeenath in my classroom. I wondered what kind of career I would have if that were the case?

        After the Math activity, I got the children to practise their narrations for each activity we did over the weeks and the charts associated with that. Shweta decided to have a shadow puppet show. Given that the number of children each day differed, I continued to be worried about the availability of children the next day for the exhibition. Getting children to feel ownership of the exhibition is crucial, so that their participation and engagement improve. Although it was not possible this time around, this is something that I need to figure out for the next year. This becomes even more difficult with the shifting and changing number of children each year. 

        After the session with the children, I had a series of tasks for the next day's exhibition and preparing for our departure immediately after the exhibition. Hence, I was unavailable for the teacher's session. 

Dr Jeenath's Session with Teachers

For the teachers' session, which started at 3pm, initially, there were only female teachers. After requesting the support person to call the sirs (the male teachers), two male teachers joined. None of the male teachers who were present yesterday were there in today's session. But rather than waiting for long, I thought of starting the activity as a few of the teachers (the primary grade teachers) had to leave by 3:45pm for the canvassing. 

        I started by distributing sheets of paper to the teachers and then gave the instructions to make Tangram pieces. All the present teachers participated and made the pieces. However, due to the intensity of the wind caused by the ceiling fan, we couldn’t properly do the part where they had to make different shapes out of the tangram pieces. In fact, during this time, 2-3 male teachers who had arrived in-between the session left.  One female teacher could still make the square shape and draw the arrangement on the board. This same teacher didn’t come for the presentation yesterday, but today she came in front of the classroom. So here again, rather than spending more time on this, I moved to the next activity of measurement. 

         In the next activity, we assigned the cost of a small square as 10, and teachers were asked to predict the cost of the full square. Initially, the teacher said Rs 70 and 90, but with further questions and asking for reasons, one teacher could eventually calculate the cost to Rs 80. When I asked if the cost of the small square is increased to Rs 20, one teacher immediately said it will be 160. The teacher started applying proportional reasoning, and in fact, when I gave the cost of a small square as 15, she predicted the cost to be 120. Later, when we thought of doing it through the pieces, we ended up getting 135, but later corrected it to 120. Some of the teachers had to leave for the canvassing for new admissions. So, at the end, only 5-6 female teachers were left. At the end, I gave them another task to find the boundary length of the whole square if the small square is 1 square unit. Although none of the teachers left, there were math teachers; one of the teachers predicted the side of the square to be 3. But then I asked, in that case, what will be the area of the square, but they said they don’t know the formula for the area of a square. But I still continued and tried to explain, and later also shared the Pythagoras theorem result that for any right triangle to show that the side of the big square will be 2√2 and thus the perimeter will be 8√2. We concluded our session with this.

Evening reflections

Jeenath and I discussed the behaviour of male teachers. We had noticed that they were often boisterous, showcased a sense of entitlement and superiority. In fact, the refusal to engage in the session was a reflection of one such behaviour.  On the other hand, the female teachers reflected much underconfidence and often kept themselves away from the male teachers. As an observer in Jeenath's session, I also noticed that Jeenath's presence and expertise in Mathematics, where she pushed them to think beyond their current knowledge or made visible gaps in their own understanding, unsettled the male teachers. While I am sure this was the case with the female teachers, too, they did not have the agency to excuse themselves from the session, unlike the male teachers. The male teachers also did not engage much with us and kept themselves away from any discussion. 

    The other concern was the dwindling number of children in each session, which made it difficult for us to plan for any activities of the exhibition. This is something that we need to discuss with the school and perhaps find a solution together for the next year. 

       We spent much of our evening preparing posters, instructions, or material for the next day's exhibition. I was also grateful for Jeenath's presence and her efforts to support this exhibition. It kept me motivated and going. 

(This is a joint post by Dr Jeenath Rahman and Ekta Singla)

 Literacy-based Summer Camp: Day 14

In the session today, we had Dr Jeenath Rahaman from Azim Premji University, Bhopal, conduct various mathematics-based activities with children. While asking for responses, she also asked them to think through the mental process of arriving at it.
       As an observer in the class, I was intrigued by the depth of interaction between her and the children. Asking children to think about their responses meant that even if they copied others’ responses, they had to explain their answers. This made them pause and reflect. In addition, through Tangram she got them to think about different kinds of shapes, angles, proportionality and make fun objects from it. 

This is a combined post which included Dr. Jeenath and my reflections of the day.

Jeenath’s Reflections

As students were still entering the class, as a warm-up activity, I began by asking them some multiplication facts to check if they could multiply single-digit numbers like 7 and 8. A student responded immediately, 56. I realised maybe I should move to a double-digit number, and this time I specified which students should be responding. However, I noticed the student who was asked to respond was struggling to do the multiplication and almost gave up, when another student gave the correct answer. When I asked him to come to the blackboard and show his method, he was actually doing the column method mentally, e.g., if the number was 24✕7, the student computed the unit digit to be 8 as 4✕7 is 28 and further did 7✕2 and added the 2 to it, so got 168 in the process. It was basically following the procedural algorithm. I was expecting there could be some alternative method. So, I tried some other number this time, like 37✕4 and asked students to just raise their hands and not give away the answer. This time I asked a new student to respond, and he said 148. When I asked him to explain his process on the board, he said he broke 37 into 30 and 7 and then 30✕4, which is 120 and 7✕4 is 28, so the total came out to be 148. I really appreciated his method and said this is a very efficient method of grouping and regrouping numbers to do it easily. Next, I asked what 34✕5 would be, and although students could give the correct answer using the previous method, I also suggested there’s one more efficient method. If you half the number and multiply it by 10, because 5 is half of 10. I showed the entire operation on board and later also tried 2-3 more such multiplication facts, but students seemed not very confident with this method. So I left it, saying maybe this method will be clear with more exercise.

Grouping and regrouping numbers

 Now that all the students had come to the class, I thought of doing the Tangram activity with the students. We first started by distributing the sheets to each student and made them sit in pairs so that students could support each other. Students were instructed to make Tangram pieces, and while making each piece, there was a discussion about different geometrical shapes. After students made all seven Tangram pieces, students were asked to rearrange them to get a square, a rectangle and a triangle. While they were able to get a square, they took a long time to get the rectangle and couldn’t figure out the arrangement for the triangle, but once they were shown the triangle arrangement, they were really amused and excited. Once this part was done we moved to measurements where students suggested the cost of the small square piece as a cake piece to be Rs.10 and then predicted the cost of the big square made out of the seven pieces to Rs. 70, 80, 100, but finally they calculated it to be Rs. 80. They tried with some more variations for the cost of the small square as Rs 30, Rs 150 and could compute the total cost to be Rs. 240 and Rs. 1200 respectively. We also tried this with potatoes costing Rs 20/Kg and buying 5 Kg, 10Kg etc for students to identify the multiplicative relation between units and the quantity. The session concouded.

Sahil is helping other children with Tangram activity

Dr. Jeenath is helping children cut pieces of paper

                                            

A rectangle from the tangram pieces of paper

                                                        

Engagement with Children: Other Observations

Throughout the activities, however, one interpersonal issue that continued to emerge was Sahil’s inability to restrain his responses, disrupt the process with his constant comments, overconfidence and lack of support for his peers. Mathematics is one of his favourite subjects, which he takes pride in. However, when he was asked to explain his mathematical thinking for his response, he often responded with complicated operations, which did not show any mathematical thought but rather memorisation of algebraic formulae. When Jeenath asked other students for responses on a similar task, who often had simpler strategies, and appreciated them, he often got uncomfortable, acted out and demanded that his method or response be recognised and accepted. I often spoke up and asked him to stop disturbing the class. At some point, he made fun of Dr Jeenath's pronunciation of a word, and I lost my cool. I asked him to behave and concentrate on learning from her rather than mocking her. Jeenath was a lot more patient with him
    We continued to face disruption from him throughout the session. Repeated reminders, requests and stern enforcement of rules fell on deaf ears. In the end, I had to ask him to leave the classroom and take a walk, cool himself and then come back. It always makes me uncomfortable when I do that to him. However, sometimes he leaves no choice.
    Dr Jeenath continued to engage him after the class and discussed other queries. She continued to question and challenge his mathematical knowledge. As a child, he found it difficult to acknowledge his own limitations. Nevertheless, one hopes that the interaction makes him, as well as us, question his behaviour and find alternative ways to deal with the situation without putting a stop to learning. 
    Given that children were used to playing various physical games during the camp, they continued to ask for them throughout the session. The math-based engagement in itself did not seem like a game enough for them. This makes me wonder if, if children were engaged in similar educational activities, their perceptions might change. Also, I continued to think about all the games children played by themselves, which were social in nature, required physical interaction and relationships. The ones that we engaged them in were cognitively demanding and required intellectual competition. 

    Overall, given that Dr Jeenath involved all children in the classroom to speak and participate, it was amazing to see how everyone was able to contribute and share their mathematical thoughts. For me, it displayed how each one of us is capable of some form of mathematical operations, since we all use it in our day-to-day life.

Afternoon Session with Teachers

The session with teachers began around 2 pm. Teachers had been canvassing through the community for admissions on one of the hottest days, which left them tired. Nevertheless, teachers of all subjects and grades sat in the classroom, listening and occasionally participating. 

Jeenath's Reflections 

The presence of the majority of teachers at the beginning of the session, 21, gave a positive impression as a facilitator. I begin with the Nim game, dividing all the teachers into two groups. As the teachers were sitting in two rows in pairs in the classroom. For convenience, we decided to make the groups based on how they were sitting, so each row represented one group. The left row mainly had all the female teachers, and the right row had all the male teachers, but two to three female teachers were sitting at the back of the right row. After making the two groups, I explained the game. 

    Each group can select 1 or 2 as a number, and they have to keep adding either 1 or 2 to the number that the other group suggested, and the one who reaches 10 first wins the game. In the first round, we played the game. The first number was suggested by the left row of teachers as 2, the second group on the right added 1 to it to get 3, then the one on the left added 2 to it to get 5. Then the group on the right added 2 after some thoughts to get 7, and then the group on the left realised they would lose the game whether they add 1 or 2 to 7, so they added 1 and then the next group won. I highlighted that reaching 7 is the winning trick here, but I also wanted them to think about whether the game is dependent on who starts the game first. So this time I asked the right group to suggest the first number, and this time again the right group managed to reach 7, and the left group again lost the game. There was visible excitement after winning or losing the game between the teachers. I was trying to get their attention to the winning strategy and to think of what numbers give an advantage in this game. I asked them to think about reaching 7, what should be the previous number, they said 5 or 6, then asked them to think what number would lead to 5 or 6, for which, after some thinking, they said 4. I also pushed them to think of the numbers before 4 to win, and whether it has advantages or disadvantages for the player who starts the game. 

    The teachers were not responding, nor were they discussing this among themselves. So I asked if the first player says 1, what should the next player be saying? For this, again, there was no response, so I told them they can either make it 2 or 3 and not 4, so the second player may lose in this case. If the first player says 2, then the second player can win by making it 4. I was also writing them on the board, but I saw
less engagement while discussing this. Secondly, I said we can make different variations of this game, we can decide the final number to be 15 instead of 10 and play the game one more time. Interestingly, this time, once the right group reached 10, a teacher from the left group first said 11 by adding 1, but then another teacher said no, we should make it 12 by adding 2 and got visibly excited as they already predicted that they would win the game this time. 

    There was resistance from one male teacher, they said 11 first, but I intervened that they said 12 finally, so now you can add to 12, one of the female teacher on the right row also got amused that no matter what
she adds, their group is going to lose, but she still excitedly added 1 and said the total to be 13, but then the left group called out 15 by adding 2 to 13 and won the game. This was an interesting turn, as the left group won the game for the first time after the right group won it twice. I also encouraged them to think about how the winning strategy changed when the final winning number was changed from 10 to 15. I also highlighted how 12 was the winning point for the left group and encouraged them to think about the number previous to 12 that may be advantageous; it was definitely not 10 this time. Teachers said it will be 9, and then 6, and then 3. I ended the discussion by sharing that there are more variations possible to this game by changing the options from 1 or 2 to 1, 2 or 3 to 1 to 10 and also by changing the final number from 10 to 15 to 100. 

    For the next task of the workshop, we discussed and noted down some mathematics topics on the blackboard and asked teachers to sit in groups of 4-5 to work around making a small teaching unit or lesson plan by choosing one topic from the board or any other mathematical topic of their choice. Few teachers seemed reluctant, but after giving them some prompt questions, they started writing them on the chart paper. They were given around 20-30 mins to work on it. Teachers' groups took up topics like fractions, Geometry, and measurement. A few teachers were also moving out in between the sessions. When teachers were asked to present their unit, they were very reluctant to come and present. Then a male teacher came in front of the class and agreed to present his lesson on fractions. Using that as a cue, we discussed some interesting things about fractions. After that, a female math teacher presented her lesson on Shapes, 2D and 3D shapes. We discussed around making the definition of 2D and 3D shapes, which is both mathematically correct and appropriate for students to access. After this, there were two groups left, but none of the members came forward to present; in fact, on insistence, they gave their chart to the female math teacher to present. The female math teacher read out the lesson for measurement, and while doing that, she herself added examples for each measurement unit. For the last lesson on Triangles, which the female math teacher was asked to read, was basically definitions for types of triangles based on sides and angles. Assuming this is very factual and lacks any imagination, I asked her to stop and again asked the group if they had thought of any activity around it, for which the teacher couldn’t say much, and she said the male teacher in the group made the lesson, and he can only explain this well. There were still some 15 mins left to end the session, and the teacher suggested that instead of starting a new session, let's have the session the next day. So at the end, we had a general discussion about what grade and subject the teachers were teaching, and we noticed that, except for one female math teacher, most tried to dissociate with math, as they were either teaching primary grades or teaching subjects like Hindi, GK, Telugu, etc.

Engagement with Children: Other Observations

I (Ekta) personally was upset with the fact that not many teachers responded to Jeenath's interesting activities and repeated requests for presentations. However, Jeenath also mentioned her experience with other teachers in alternative contexts who sometimes did not even care and were often absent from school. In comparison to that, the teachers' participation here, as limited as it was, was vastly positive, despite many being from non mathematics background. Perhaps one needs to consider the subject matter, the administrative demands on teachers (they were canvassing for admissions throughout the day), and the support system around them, which created the atmosphere for their relaxed learning and engagement.
    Throughout the session, teachers (male teachers) went in and out of the classroom. Since many of them were not from mathematics, they also felt that they did not need to contribute or participate. In fact, when Jeenath asked teachers to present, the female teachers gave their activity sheets to the Math teachers and asked her to present on their behalf. The female teachers lacked much confidence compared to their male counterparts.
    Many of them used their phones to look for activities. I was not sure if this would be productive and meaningful. However, Jeenath pointed out that it is hard for teachers to think of activities; the activities on the phone can be an additional resource. However, she insisted that they contextualise it to children’s lives with examples and things that children find around. This helped, as teachers in their presentation used local foods or products as exemplars.

    Teachers in the school did not have much teacher professional development. Overall, I felt that even if they did not participate in the activities, they continued to be intellectually challenged with Jeenath's deep and pointed questions that they really appreciated. Teachers are hardly challenged on subject matter and are almost an authority in their field; however, having a subject matter expert engage with them has a tremendous effect and the quality of discussion as an observer was very revealing.  

(A joint post by Ekta Singla & Dr. Jeenath Rahaman)

 Literacy-based Summer Camp: Day 13

Colours and painting evoke a sense of joy and freedom. Until today, I had not engaged children in such an activity. I have always imagined painting to be a free-style process that does not require much accuracy of form or size. However, when I engaged children in painting today, I realised their idea of painting or drawing was vastly different from my own.

Painting for Joy?

I was short of painting brushes for all participating children. Since Sahil was older and often came in early, I requested him to get about 10 paintbrushes from across the street. Over the last few days, I felt like Sahil had started to warm up. We often had conversations after the regular sessions about something random. This included him asking questions about my life or vice versa. This helped both of us develop an ease around each other. However, I also had to be careful to protect my privacy as he would often get carried away. For example, he began to hover over my head as I typed a personal message on my phone.
    In any case, to my surprise, the paint brushes were easily available in the nearby grocery shops, and thanks to Sahil were enough for everyone. Slowly, children began to come in, settling down on benches; as I distributed sheets of paper, pencils, paint and brushes among them. Children continued to ask for things, and I had to continue to remind them to be patient. As hard as it was, the repeated reminder throughout the day had started sinking in, and they were beginning to get used to calm and patience.
    The painting prompt for children was: Draw anything that brought you joy or made you feel happy. As it turned out, the openness of the statement confused them, and children continued to ask for clarifications or specific objects or things they could draw. Another peculiar issue that came to the fore was the use of a scale or eraser. Children absolutely wanted to draw borders around their drawings and could not get themselves to draw without them. Some who wanted to draw the Indian flag or buildings with lines, they continued to demand a ruler to have exact lines on their drawings. In case of mistakes, they could not get themselves to be ok with it. Since I did not have any, I continued to suggest that they draw without it or that it was ok to make mistakes. We could always colour over them. However, this was unacceptable to them.
    I thought perhaps if I drew and painted with them with similar constraints, it might make them feel better. So I did. I am not sure if this helped them in any way, but a few children began to settle in and draw or paint. Some used the paintbrush as a ruler. Others intermittently continued to come to ask for erasers or rulers.
    At some point, I suggested to them that the activity is about making mistakes or free-style painting so that their hand could flow like the water on paper. It was supposed to broaden their ideas of painting or help them feel the joy of free-style painting.
    Things children drew included standard objects like a flag, a mountain, and a triangular house. However, some did paint things that they liked. Like a chess board, or a football ground, a badminton court, devices like a phone, a TV, a watch, a pen or a book. The entire painting session lasted for about two hours. See the children’s drawing below.

 

Brainstorming Weird/Crazy

In the activity conducted on the previous day, "What my teachers, parents and friends think of me”, Sahil, in his reflections, had written feeling weird or that others found him weird. I remember as a kid feeling that way and perhaps this is something every young adult feels growing up. I wanted to address this idea and perhaps just let him know that it was ok to feel that. So I arranged a short activity around it and provided some reading material. This included an example of Einstein and his quirky habits. I wanted to let the children know that even a person as intelligent as he, was weird, and so it hardly mattered in the larger scheme of things.

Like our previous brainstorming word activities, I gathered children around and asked them what they thought being weird was or who decides what or who is weird. If they ever felt that way, and why so?

Children’s responses include, from being “mental”, “stupid”, “someone who did things differently” or that people around them, like “parents”, “teachers” or “adults” decided what was weird. Someone even said that it was about manners or a person’s behaviour. See children’s responses in the image below.

To make them comfortable, I said that I felt weird growing up and that it is not something that lasted all the time. That people in different cultures or countries had different habits, and so it was possible to live differently with different behaviours that are different from those of people around them.

I got children to read the piece on Einstein and the older children to translate or summarise it for younger children. There was a general silence among the children, with a few talking about what they had read. I am not sure the impact this had on the children; however, I only hoped that Sahil felt a little less out of place after it.

                             


Games and Reflection

We ended the day with a few games and recounted all the things that the children did for the day. I reminded them again about the visiting guest for the next two days, and with the hope that they will join us soon.

 Literacy-based Summer Camp: Day 12

The morning began with Salim and his brother coming in early and helping me organise and re-paste children’s artifacts on the school wall for the exhibition on 23rd May. Sahil came in early today with his eyes all swollen up. He had not slept the whole night and had been crying. I had never seen him so vulnerable, and it was rather sad to see him that way. I asked him, and he mentioned he had pain in his eyes and could not sleep the whole night. Despite this, his father had gotten him to school. I had a feeling that there was more to it, which he did not want to share at this point. So, I let him be and told him that he could go home anytime. However, his mother was also working, so he could not be left at home alone. Through the day, however, he seemed to be feeling better and slowly began engaging in the activities.

Making the Poster on Canva

The day began with us discussing the poster details, and some children creating the poster on Canva.com. This was also a way to get them to engage more meaningfully online and develop new skills. While I wanted all children to create different digital artifacts throughout the camp, the limited computer devices, with internet, meant not everyone could develop these skills. When children had to share devices, they often lost interest. Some often drift away and engage themselves in other activities.
    For the ones who did engage, these included two groups: Salim and Shweta, Sahil and Karthik. We first began by discussing what a poster is. Various kinds of details that it should contain, and the way these should be positioned on the poster. See the image below.

Next, each group began designing the poster of their choice with their partner. I had to continue to assist children in the use of elements on the website, navigating their position and size on the poster. The most challenging of these was the text box, which appeared rather small on the poster and required continuous resizing. As tiring and long as this exercise was (for about an hour), the two groups of children continued to persist with some assistance and finally designed the following two posters. Sahil and Kathik were unable to finish the poster making on time. We eventually decided to select Salim and Shweta’s posters for circulation. Later, I edited the poster a little bit for spelling and resized a few details. Their credits were also added.

Sahil and Karthi's poster, created on Canva

                                           

Salim and Shweta's poster, created on Canva. Also the final poster circulated among the community for the upcoming exhibition. 

                                         

Uno Card Game: Mistaken case of gambling

Some of the girls had brought the Uno card game to class. The girls and five other boys, who did not have devices to work on, began to play the card game together. Since I had not separately planned anything for them, I let them be, and this also gave me the time to assist the other two groups working on the poster. However, about a few minutes into the game, a man, while talking on his phone, entered the classroom and began raising his voice and asking children if they were being taught to gamble. I immediately went up to him and confronted him. He was very rude and demanded clarification. I first asked him who he was. It turned out he was a parent of a 6-year-old in the class, participating in the Uno card game. The parent had come to school to pay his ward's fee and noticed children playing the card game. I was furious and lost my cool. The fact that he thought the school or any adult in school would teach children to gamble made me mad. I scolded him and first asked him to leave the classroom. I then told him that he needs to leave immediately and let me continue the work. Immediately after, Salim’s father came to class for a similar clarification from his two sons. The news had travelled within minutes.
    The principal in our previous private conversation had alluded to stereotypes as well as baseless notions that the community members often hold. Because of this, she had said that the school had to be very careful with the ideas children were introduced to or the resources they were given access to. As had happened in the past, like in my case, similar incidents had taken place in the past as well. The incident in my case was very small, but I can imagine how things could have gone out of hand.
    When I returned to the playing children, they were shaken, and the two girls were gathering the cards to keep them back in their bags. Clearly, they were scared. I asked them if that was the case. They nodded and said they were scared to play. I then reminded them that they were doing nothing wrong, as well as the fact that, if they had done nothing wrong, they should not be scared to speak and be courageous. (a topic we had taken up in our activities). Salim's brother then described a similar incident with his father and said he had spoken up while his brother had kept quiet. The children played a few rounds of the game, but then asked me to engage them in a different activity.
    This incident also brought to the fore the strict divisions around what “play” means for people and communities. Adults' notions around play and the values associated with it can have a strict moral code. For someone who is trying to disrupt these divisions and find spaces of literacy within them, the incidents reminded me to also be sensitive to communities’ strong moral notions around certain forms of activities and the very aggressive and violent reactions they can evoke. That, in turn, can disrupt a long process of trust building and pull children back from research engagement.
    Discussing this incident with Rakesh, he advised me to inform the principal about it, in case it's brought up again by a parent. The principal, who was more experienced than I in dealing with similar incidents, was very sympathetic and rather appalled that they might consider Uno cards as gambling cards. She also said that she will make sure no parents are allowed near classrooms during teaching hours. I was very grateful for her support and truly appreciated her understanding.

Name, place, Animal, Things

While the two groups continued to make their poster, I engaged the other eight children in a game of Name, Place, Animal, Thing. I divided them into two groups of four and gave each group a paper. Next, I gave them a letter, and each group had to finish filling in the aforementioned details on the paper. I was not sure if they would like the game; however, the children took to it instantly. Competing with each other, discussing with their respective groups about places or animals. After each letter, I checked each group’s answers and appreciated their efforts. Children relished in competing within groups and continued to time each other's responses. In some cases, children did not know an animal for a letter or a city. However, in some cases, I was surprised by the information they had and its source. For example, a boy who was 8 wrote the name of the city Chandigarh as a response to the letter “C”. When I probed him further, he said that his father was in the transport business and that they had recently ordered a car from that city. In fact, the number plate of the car still had CH on it.
    Once the children finished making the poster, Salim and Shweta also joined the other groups to continue the game. Salim, in response to the letter “P”, wrote Pakistan as a place. This led to a series of comments by children.

A child: Pakistan murda baad. (The child is from the minority community)

(Death to Pakistan)

Salim: Murdabad kaiye ko. Hum ko yaha say nikal deyenge to hum kaha jaayenge?

(Why so? If they kick us out of here, where will we go?)

Ekta: Kisi bhi desh ko murdad kyu karna hai, vaha par bhi toh log rehte hai. Salim, tum ko koi kyu nekalega? Aisa kise bola?

(Why do we need to wish death to any country? There are people like us who live there. Salim, what did you mean?)

Salim: (does not respond)


(Salim’s father was a religious head in the community, and clearly, there was a lot more that he had heard around him and absorbed. However, I did not want to push him further and make it an interview. I did make a mental note of it, in case I wanted to know more about his thoughts on the matter.


Games and Reflection


We ended the day with a few of the children’s favourite games like Simon Says and Pick up the handkerchief from the circle. In the latter, children were divided into groups, and children on each side were given the same number. When a number is called, children with the same number on either side come in the middle, and each tries to pick up the handkerchief before the other and runs back to their team before they are caught.
    Before going, I shared the agenda for the next day with the children and requested them to start preparing for the exhibition. Shweta, who takes her role as the director seriously, has often come up to me at the end of the day to discuss the details of the story and characters with me. Today she promised to finalise the story and characters by the next day to take the play forward.
    I have been sceptical of the exhibition and have continued to question myself about its benefits to the children. I also wonder if it might add undue pressure on them. One of the main reasons I am keen on the exhibition is to showcase to parents and teachers the way play and collaborative activities, where children have freedom to talk and discuss, can be very productive and help children’s expression. As I have noticed, teachers and parents around children continue to hold very rigid ideas about their capacities, what they think is learning or play. However, I continue to question if a mere exhibition will change any of it and if the process of putting it together itself is rather tedious.